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The history of the Internet began with the development of
electronic computers in the 1950s. The public was first introduced to the
concepts that would lead to the Internet when a message was sent over the ARPANet from computer science Professor
Leonard Kleinrock's laboratory at University (UCLA),
after the second piece of network equipment was installed at Stanford
Research Institute (SRI). Packet switched networks such as ARPANET, Mark I at NPL in the UK, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed in
the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of protocols. The ARPANET in particular led to the
development of protocols for internetworking, in which multiple separate networks could
be joined together into a network of networks.
In 1982, the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP)
was standardized, and consequently, the concept of a world-wide network of
interconnected TCP/IP networks, called the Internet, was introduced. Access to
the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation (NSF)
developed the Computer
Science Network (CSNET) and
again in 1986 when NSFNET provided
access to supercomputer sites in the
United States from research and education organizations. Commercial Internet service providers (ISPs)
began to emerge in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The ARPANET was
decommissioned in 1990. The Internet was commercialized in 1995 when NSFNET was
decommissioned, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to
carry commercial traffic.
Since the mid-1990s,
the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on culture and commerce, including
the rise of near-instant communication by electronic, instant messaging, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
"phone calls", two-way interactive video calls, and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking, and online shopping sites. The
research and education community continues to develop and use advanced networks
such as NSF's very
high speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS), Internet2, and National Lambda Rail. Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher
and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating at 1-Gbit/s, 10-Gbit/s,
or more. The Internet's takeover over the global communication landscape was
almost instant in historical terms: it only communicated 1% of the information
flowing through two-way telecommunications networks in
the year 1993, already 51% by 2000, and more than 97% of the telecommunicated
information by 2007. Today the
Internet continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts of online
information, commerce, entertainment, and social networking.
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